Cell Division Mitosis and Meiosis Essay Example

Cell Division Mitosis and Meiosis Essay Cell division plays a very important role in the life cycle of a cell. Without cell division all living organisms would fail to reproduce, eventually dying out. In cell division, it involves two major steps: nuclear division and cytokinesis! In Nuclear division, however, it is broken into two different types: mitosis and meiosis.(1)Mitosis and meiosis are similar processes in that they both result in the separation of existing cells into new ones. They are different in their specific processes as well as in their products. Mitosis occurs in which the parent cell splits, in turn making two daughter cells that are identical. While meiosis produces daughter cells with only half the information that is contained in a single parents cell. Mitosis can occur in either the haploid or diploid cells, whereas meiosis can only occur in the diploid or polyploid with limited number of chromosomes. Some other differences that separate mitosis and meiosis is that during the process of meiosis each d iploid nucleus divides it into a total of four nuclei, Now comparing mitosis when it divides it only produces two nuclei instead of four.(3) In meiosis, sex cells called gametes are produced, while during mitosis body somatic cells are produced. This then further shows that mitosis daughter cells produced are genetically identical to the parent cell, while in meiosis daughter cells have one-half of the genes from the parent cell giving each cell diversity. Therefore my conclusion is that mitosis is required for the growth and development of organisms and the replacement of existing cells, while in meiosis cells are mainly used for sexual reproduction.(5) In the first step of Mitosis, condensation of chromosomes, prophase, and the disassembly of the nuclear envelope occur. Meiosis I or known as Phosphate I, are two stages that occur in meiosis. Synapsis occurs in this phase that crosses over were the homologues are paired, where as in mitosis neither synapsi We will write a custom essay sample on Cell Division Mitosis and Meiosis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Cell Division Mitosis and Meiosis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Cell Division Mitosis and Meiosis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Latent Fingerprint Examination

Latent Fingerprint Examination Introduction As Barnes ((n.d), pp. 2-3) argues, using fingerprints is one of the most dependable ways of identifying different individuals, as every individual has a unique pattern of fingerprints. Therefore, because of their uniqueness among different individuals’ fingerprints, the use of fingerprints as a mechanism of identifying individuals finds wide application in many scientific fields, for example, criminology. Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Latent Fingerprint Examination specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Fingerprints are marks left behind by the friction ridges of the skin once individuals holds or gets in contact with any surface. During identification, for examiners to determine the owner of the left behind friction skin ridge impressions, examiners must evaluate a number of factors between known fingerprints and the fingerprints in question. Such factors include the arch, loop, and whorl p atterns and the minutia characteristics, for example, ridge ending s and bifurcation. History of Fingerprints Unlike other human characteristics, which change with time, the fingerprint ridge pattern remains the same as one grows older hence, making fingerprints the most dependable identification method. Historically, as dating experiments show, the first human fingerprints were left behind more than 4,000 years ago by builders of the Egyptian pyramids. In addition to such discoveries in Egypt, the use of fingerprints was also a common practice among Chinese traders in the 3rd century B.C, as this was the most dependable method of proving that certain business transactions took place. Although the use of fingerprints was a common practice, individuals had no interests in the uniqueness of fingerprints until 1684, when an academician named Nehemiah published the first anatomical paper on fingerprints. This publication was followed by more scientific tests and publications on the un iqueness of fingerprints by scholars such as Marcello, J C Mayer, and Purkinje. Because of such discoveries, in 1858, the use of fingerprint for contractual purposes became an official practice in some countries, for example, India. The use of fingerprints for identification purposes took a turn in the late 19th century with the discovery by Henry Faulds that fingerprints remained the same even after an injury. This discovery gave birth to more discoveries, some of them widely applied presently, for example, the use of printer’s ink to reproduce latent prints on surfaces (Barnes, (n.d), pp. 3-14) Fingerprint identification This involves the process of matching questioned fingerprints with some known fingerprints, as a methodology of authenticating the identity of the questioned fingerprints. Advertising Looking for research paper on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Fingerprint identification (lat ent print identification) is of great significance in solving most crime cases as it provides one of the most dependable methods of identifying the identity of those involved in certain criminal activity. Currently, examiners combine chemical, electronic, and physical processing methods to accurately match any questionable fingerprints regardless of their nature. To match questionable prints with known prints, it necessitates for one to have the required expertise, as most fingerprint identification results are crucial evidenced in courts of laws. Their work entails dusting for fingerprints and collecting of tangible evidences, which can be used to identify the crime perpetrator. Examiners are also of significance in the immigration department, in controlling the flow of both foreigners and locals into and out of the country. On the other hand, it is the duty of the fingerprint examiner to cross-match the collected fingerprint hence, their significance in providing evidence in cri minal cases (Prabhakar, Jain, Maio, Maltoni, 2009, pp. 7-43). History of Fingerprint Identification Until mid 1800’s, most governments used daguerreotyping and the Bertillon system as a mechanism of identifying criminals. Although such an application lasted for a while, the 1903 Leavenworth, Kansas identification failure, led to the birth of fingerprint identification method. Prior to this, individuals used fingerprints for only legal documents. The early discoveries by Marcello Malpighi, Nehemiah Grew, Purkinje, Herschel, and Fauld opened avenues for more discoveries on better methods of identifying criminals, as most early methodologies had many flaws. In the United States, the use of fingerprints first appeared in 1882, as a forgery prevention mechanism. Later on in 1892, detective Juan Vucetich made the first application of finger print evidence in solving a murder case in South America;. Juan’s method received more applause as year went by, as most countries ad opted his method to solve criminal cases. The completion of Sir Edward Henry work on how to use different fingerprint characteristics in criminology in 1896, opened more insights into the significance of fingerprints in identifying criminals. Subsequent years marked more development into the system, as this method became more common in prisons and state security departments, for example, the New York State Army, and Navy. Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Latent Fingerprint Examination specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Because of the expanding application of fingerprints in identifying criminals among state departments, through coordination of inspector Harry Caldwell, the need for formation of an examiner’s accreditation body rose, leading to the formation of the International Association for Criminal Identification in 1915. Its name changed in 1918 with the adoption of its first charter hence, its current name the International Association for Identification. More development trickled in 1977, with its adoption of an accreditation program called the â€Å"Latent Print Certification Program†. Since then IAI has developed other certification programs for example, Blood stain patter analysis, the Foot wear and Tiretrack analysis, Forensic Photography, forensic art, and tenprint certification. More developments came in with the development of the computerized Criminal Fingerprint File of 1980, by the Federal Bureau Department and later on the developing of the National Crime information center in 1983 (Skopitz, 2002, pp.1). Requirements and Certifications for Fingerprint Examiners Depending on the location and country of origin, the educational specification and qualification of a latent fingerprint examination varies. In the United States, for individuals to be examiners, they have to receive the required accreditation from the International Association of Identification , it being the primary provider of standards recognized globally. Although an individual may apply and qualify for the IAI training, in most cases one has to have some prior training. Before the IAI accepts one into their training or gives one the required certification one has to have some science training background, for example, a degree in chemistry, biology, or forensic science. After this, one must go through a latent finger examiner course, offered by police departments, colleges, and crime technical laboratories. On completing the course, individuals must go through an IAI three-part Latent Finger Print assessment. In addition to this training, after a time span of five years every certified fingerprint examiner must pass an exam, offered by IAI, failure of which leads to suspension of ones license (International Association for Identification p.1). Reference List Barnes, J. G. (n.d). History. Retrieved from ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/225321.pdfAdvertising Looking for research paper on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More International Association of Identification. Training, certification, and disciplines. IAI. Retrieved from theiai.org/ Prabhakar, S., Jain, A. K., Maio, D., Maltoni, D. (2009). Handbook of fingerprint recognition. New York: Springer Publishing. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=1Wpx25D8qOwCprintsec=frontcoverdq=Handbook+of+Fingerprint+Recognition++By+Davide+Maltoni,+Dario+Maio,+Anil+K.+Jain,+Salil+Prabhakarsource=blots=9vS-1Mmt6-sig=U2ZU2o0L-jb79k9iblC85XfVd7Mhl=enei=BemJTOS0CNvNjAfCqaSMBgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1ved=0CBcQ6AEwAA#v=onepageqf=false Scopitz, K. (2002). History of fingerprints. Essortment. Retrieved from essortment.com/all/fingerprinthist_rmmv.htm

Microeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Microeconomics - Essay Example t comes about third parties suffer costs or financial consequences following market transactions between other parties involved in the purchase and sale of goods & services. For instance when organization involved in production or manufacture of goods for the market pollutes the environment through release of harmful gasses into the environment, the general public may suffer diseases translating into medical expenses not anticipated. The recent economic crises which resulted from the crash of the banking and mortgages markets translated into escalated prices with financial consequences to the general public. On the other hand a positive externality comes about when market transactions benefit third parties in a way. A good example is when a company invests in research & development which in the end benefits many other companies in the market. In conclusion therefore externalities result into inefficiencies which may eventually lead to market failure i.e. private decisions which are based on the market fail to give efficient and desirable results in the perspective of general welfare. The government therefore intervenes to address the inefficiencies and adverse market effects resulting from the externalities. In cases of negative externalities the government can respond by imposing taxes to the involved parties which equal the amount of harm suffered by others. in response to positive externalities where where social gains exceed private gains, the government can also intervene by subsidizing those generating the social gains with amounts equivalent to what others

Analysis and Action Plan for a Middle School Teacher of English Essay

Analysis and Action Plan for a Middle School Teacher of English Language Learners - Essay Example In this classroom, Mr. O’Malley tends to use the natural approach and English Language Development (ELD) in Maria’s case even though it was not successfully as she could not interact with others. The ELD strategy involves the use of systematic instructional strategy that is designed to enhance English acquisition by students to whom English is not the primary language (WIDA, 2012). In this case, the learners interact with each other. Mr. O’Malley made sure that Maria’s classmates assisted her and included her in every activity. The natural language acquisition process has the student developing basic communication skills first and focusses on fluency while speaking English in a social context. The heterogeneous grouping of the natural process was through ensuring that Maria got included in every activity. In the case of Mikhail, Mr. O’Malley used the strategy of connecting learning to previous knowledge; though it was unsuccessful as he could not write a good essay without grammatical issues. The strategy comprises providing the student with new topic connections or events from the learner’s background and making them give a connection between the vocabulary in their first language and English. Mikhail had been schooling in the United for two years; thus he does not have a problem communicating in class, but his main problem is in grammatical mistakes. Therefore, linking his knowledge of English learned in the college to his first language can help improve his grammar. After and before reading, students tend to respond to prompts that assist them in linking their experiences to the main theme and characters (Curtin, 2009). The instructional inputs that follow the prompts give oral language practice for the ELLs and assist in deepening the students’ comprehension conceptual framework. Researchers discovered that the instructional input increases comprehension for the ELLs and deepens their

Nutrition Is Especially Crucial During

Nutrition Is Especially Crucial During In terms of nutrition, most infants are developmentally ready for an introduction to pureed foods between 4 and 6 months of age to meet the growth and energy needs of the child (Johnson, 2009). It is important NOT to introduce solid foods prior to 4 months for several health reasons:  Ã‚   In the first weeks of life, immaturity of the kidney excludes large osmolar loads of protein and electrolytes and digestion of some fats, proteins, and carbohydrates is compromised. At age 3-5 months, infants are able to digest and absorb cereal, but at age 1-2 months carbohydrate and protein digestion and absorption are compromised by cereal ingestion (Shulman, 1995). In the first months of life poorly developed swallowing skills may lead to aspiration. Increased respiratory illness and persistent cough have been reported in infants given solids early (Forsyth, 1993), and coughing may increase following ingestion of formula thickened with infant cereal (Orenstein, 1992). Early introduction of a variety of solid foods may increase risk of atopic and immunological disease in susceptible children (Herbes, 2004). Semisolid foods progressing to table foods in the latter part of the first year provides energy and nutrients as well as support for oral and fine motor development (Johnson, 2009). Nutrition is important during toddlerhood. Depending on their body weight, small children need more nutrients than adults as their organs and blood starts developing. As the child grows and the activity increases, the nutrient intake needs to be adequate to support this process. Growth spurts alternate with periods of no growth or slowed growth during this period are challenges during this age (Johnson, 2009). For adequate nutrition requirements during toddlerhood, the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs), which include the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) and Adequate Intakes (AIs), should serve as a guide to prevent deficiencies in this age group. However, most of the levels set for preschoolers and toddlers are based on values established for infants and adults. For parents, a more practical approach to ensuring proper nutrient intake is to use the Food Guide Pyramid for Young Children, devised by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) (Johnson, 2009). Unfortunately, people most of the time do not follow the specific requirements in these guides. Potential problems could arise when proper nutrition is NOT met during this period. Although severe nutrient deficiencies are rare in the United States, calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin B6, folic acid, and vitamin A are the nutrients most likely to be low in children as a result of poor dietary habits needed for growth and building of strong bones and teeth, as well as other physical growth. Ensuring that children eat the recommended number of servings from each of the food groups in the pyramid is the best way to be certain that all nutritional requirements are met. A good rule of thumb for serving sizes is one tablespoon per year of age (Johnson, 2009). Iron is a vital component of hemoglobin, the carrier of oxygen in the blood. As a young child grows, blood volume increases, and so does the need for iron. Preschoolers and toddlers typically eat less iron-rich foods than they did in infancy. In addition, the iron that children get is usually non-heme iron (from plant sources), which has a lower availability than heme iron (from animal sources). As a result, children up to three years of age are at high risk for iron-deficiency anemia. The RDA for iron for both toddlers and preschoolers is ten milligrams (mg) per day. Calcium is needed for bone and teeth mineralization and maintenance. The amount of calcium a child needs is determined in part by the consumption of other nutrients, such as protein, phosphorus and vitamin D, as well as the childs rate of growth. During this period of development, children need two to four times as much calcium per kilogram of body weight as adults do. The AI for toddlers is 500 mg/day, while for preschoolers it is 800 mg/day. Since dairy foods are the primary source of calcium, children who do not consume enough dairy or have an aversion to dairy products may be at risk for calcium deficiency. The body can produce vitamin D in the skin in response to sun exposure. The amount of vitamin D needed daily thus depends mainly on how much time a child spends outside and on geographical location. The RDA for children living in tropical areas is between zero and 2.5 micrograms (g) per day, depending on the amount of sun exposure. For those living in temperate zones, the RDA increases to 10 mc/day. Vitamin D; fortified milk is the best source. Zinc is essential for proper development. It is needed for wound healing, proper sense of taste, proper growth, and normal appetite. Preschoolers and toddlers are sometimes at risk for marginal zinc deficiencies because the best sources are meats and seafoods, foods they may not eat regularly. The recommended intake of zinc is 10 mg/day. Vitamin and mineral supplements are popular with more than 50 percent of parents of preschoolers and toddlers. Most use a multivitamin/mineral supplement with iron. Parents should be aware, however, that such supplements do not necessarily fulfill the needs for marginal or deficient nutrients. For example, although calcium is often a nutrient that is low in children, most multivitamin/mineral supplements do not include it, or include it in very low doses. The American Academy of Pediatrics does not support routine supplementation for normal, healthy kids. Although there is no harm in giving children a standard childrens supplement, mega doses should always be avoided, and caution should be used when supplementing the fat-soluble vitamins (vitamins A, D, E, and K) (excerpted from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_gx5200/is_2004/ai_n19120955).

What ideas do Blake and Wordsworth present and how effectively are :: English Literature

What ideas do Blake and Wordsworth present and how effectively are they presented? Both poets lived through both the eighteenth and nineteenth century. I believe these poems were written just around the turn of the century. During this time the Industrial Revolution was underway and Britainwas becoming a very advanced country. It was a time of big change for everyone and I think the poets both explain that in their poems. Not only was it the Revolution, it was about the same time as the Romantic Movement, when poets would write about beauty, love and purity. The whole population attended church every Sunday. They all believed God was ubiquitous (these people were called Pantheists). It was an extremely religious age and anyone who did not respect God would be treated with disrespect. Both poets had to remember this when they wrote their poems. Both poems are about the same place (London) but both poets have different views. In my opinion they are both harshly critical of the city and its population. William Wordsworth "Composed upon WestminsterBridge" is written in a fourteen line sonnet, the first eight describing the man made elements of Londonand the last six talking about the natural beauty. He has written it in prose using iambic pentameter to help emphasise the meaning of the rhyming words, each line has the same number of syllables. The poem itself is descriptive, with a strong rhyming scheme. It contains anachronism, in the third to last line he uses archaic English to describe the river. This shows he has a wider ranger of vocabulary than other poet at that time. He uses assonance throughout the poem along with adjectives and punctuation on every line. Wordsworth is very optimistic with his feeling towards London. His philosophy is to appreciate the Londonview and the beauty of nature everywhere. I get the impression he believes God gave us our senses and the ability to remember the beauty in everything around us. He personifies everything, the sun, river, and even the city itself. He gives them functions that are unique to humans. He says: "The City now doth like a garment wear The beauty of the morning:" This makes the reader think that the city is not just an inanimate collection of buildings but actually alive, bustling with life. I interpret this personification to mean that the city is disguising itself in the beauty of the morning sun, not revealing this true ugliness. Knowing the way Londonwas back then, during the Industrial Revolution, it is clear to say that Wordsworth is exaggerating its beauty. He uses effective imagery and praises all achievements in the world, both by man and in nature.

The Honda Corporate Strategy Case Study

With reference to the Honda case study and also drawing on other examples from the Critical Issues course, what are the key theoretical and methodological issues in drawing general lessons from case studies of success? History is subject to interpretation; so are business successes and failures. However ex-post justifications of the latter have proved more profitable. This essay explores the theoretical and methodological issues in drawing general lessons from case studies of success, with particular reference to Honda's successful penetration of the US market in the 1960s. This essay offers a critical theory and post – modernist approach. Critical theory questions the central features of such recipes for success, the historical and social contexts from which they emerged and the purposes and functions that it may serve. Post – modernism can be seen as an extension of critical theory but has added the dimension of power to knowledge and argues that the two are no separable [Foucault]. In 1946, the Honda Technical Research Institute was established by Sochiro Honda and his partner, Takeo Fujisawa. Having succesfully established itself in the Japanese market, Honda entered the US market in 1959. By 1960, its Supercub model was highly successful. They then created a highly effective as campaign based on â€Å"You Meet the Nicest People on a Honda†. By 1964, it has dominated almost half of the US market. Later in that year, it required cash on delivery of shipments. As Pascale (1996) says, â€Å"In one fell swoop, Honda shifted the power relationship from the dealer to the manufacturer.† Honda's success has been analysed and three distinct explanations for its success emerged:  · The most prominent is the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) Report. The report states that Honda maximised experience curve economies – low costs at high production volumes. As a result, American and British motorcycle manufacturers withdrew from certain market segments.  · An interview with six Honda executives by Pascale, led to his conclusion that Honda was successful in Japan because superior design skills led to a better product. Honda was also seen has a ‘learning organisation' that adapted and responded quickly.  · Prahalad and Hamel introduced the concepts of strategic ‘intent', ‘stretch' and ‘core competence'. These they feel were the necessary factors for success. There are two competing views in strategy formulation: (1) the ‘planning' school, and (2) the learning school. For the ‘planners', strategy formulation is a deliberate, rational and linear process where ends are first specified. In this case, structure follows strategy. The ‘learning' school takes an adaptive and incremental approach. Strategy is a non-linear and complex process. Structure and strategy formulation are intertwined. Formulating recipes for success based on past success presumes that the future perfectly emulates the past. Common sense will tell us that this may not necessarily be true. Rhetoric will also infer the same. In a dynamic and competitive business environment, factors that affect an organisation will not be static. Consumers tastes change. In the Post-Industrial era, consumers were more affluent. Hence, they demanded more than a standardised product produced by mass-production. Firms had to change from a product oriented approach, of the ‘mass production era' to one that is market oriented [Ansoff, 1988]. Thus as Ansoff says, â€Å"†¦whenever the future environment is expected to be discontinuous, emulation of historical successes becomes dangerous†¦Ã¢â‚¬  [pp.135] A theory is formed ideas or concepts used to describe the world to better understand it. Ideas and concepts cannot be free from bias as they are conceived by people and people possess different ideologies, values, interests and preferences. What purpose does it serve? A theory is devised to serve certain purposes and functions. Theories on strategy are formulated, to a certain extent, to keep management consultants employed. There is a need to question the validity of such theories and the methodology employed to apply them. BCG's business portfolio analysis makes what is widely known as the ‘experience curve' assumption. This states that the costs of production should go down with cumulative physical output. Thus, the report reasons that because Honda has already achieved high production volumes in Japan, it had a cost advantage. But were Honda's production costs low because of high volume or because of it employed production methods that were more sophisticated? It also assumes that a business is a cash system, that is its cash flows depend on relative market share and industry growth rate. This allows the classification of businesses or products into four categories a ‘star', a ‘cash cow', a ‘dog' and a ‘?'. It assumes that the classification is relevant and applies to all business. Under these two assumptions, its strategic analysis and recommendations will be valid. However, as all models, it self-selects the kind of data that is compatible with it – in this case return on investment (ROI) and cash flows. The main problem with this approach lies with its narrow classification scheme, which may not capture the entire picture, such as the uniqueness and problems of a business [Mitroff]. ROI and cash flows represent only the financial dimension of a company. Other factors such as technology, reputation and life of the organisation have to be taken into account.